College Chemistry - How It Can Help You

College Chemistry - How It Can Help YouU.C. Davis Chemistry is a campus famous for its basketball programs and many alumni have made it to the National Basketball Association (NBA). You would be surprised at how much you learn in college, and the kinds of lessons you learn as well.I went to school in the area about 30 years ago and I remember being amazed at how much the university classes could teach you. You never thought it would get that big so quickly, but in a matter of two years they had added several new majors to the department.Chemistry is basically the study of the elements, and this includes the entire earth. When you are a junior in college, you will probably want to major in something other than biology or physics, and the last thing you need is to leave early and spend your first year studying all the other sciences.Even though this department is in a very popular college, not everyone is a college student, so a lot of college students don't take chemistry as a major. It's great to see the changes these students are making because it helps them to develop a career in this field when they get out of college. If you are a college student, ask your chemistry professor what he or she does, because you might be surprised at how many different majors there are.When you get your first year out of college, the money you saved by taking chemistry can help pay for college tuition, books, supplies, and help with the other academic requirements of a college education. Make sure you do your homework about the requirements of the program, and also ask around for advice from other students who have graduated from the university.The classes will offer you some guidance to learn how to read a lab report, how to write up a work assignment, and how to conduct a lab. You will learn how to do calculations, develop formulas, and even how to solve for and measure the energy levels of molecules.It will take some time to get the hang of things when you go to your freshma n chemistry class, but if you learn enough as a junior, you will be able to catch up faster. All of this will help you in preparing for college, and it also will help you make more money on the job market, after you graduate.With a bachelor's degree in Chemistry, you will have a nice career once you go back to school. A student loan for a degree in Chemistry is a great way to help fund your educational needs, and college tuition might be cheaper if you find the right university for the courses you want to take.

Paul Ryan Thinks What

Paul Ryan Thinks What Womens Health protester via http://guerillawomentn.blogspot.com/2010/04/tell-gov-bredesen-to-respect-womens.html Abortion is a very complicated topic due to various reasons such as religious opinions, scientific outlooks, and the specific situation of the female pregnant. Paul Ryan’s views on abortion are very extreme compared to many other republican candidates. Ryan thinks that abortion should be illegal, which is a common belief, but his view is even more extreme because he thinks abortions should be considered illegal even in situations of rape, incest, or in cases that jeopardize a woman’s health. Ryan is in favor of both the Protect Life Act and the Sanctity of Human Life Act. The Protect Life Act allows doctors and surgeons to deny a woman from an abortion in a federally funded hospital even in the case of needing to save her life.   The Sanctity of Human Life Act is a bill, which classifies fertilized eggs as humans. Its result is that it will result in criminalizing various kinds of birth controls as well as In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). Ryan’s views are not only extreme but also, does he understand what the repercussions of his actions can be? By trying to defund Planned Parenthood, contraceptives, and STD and cancer screenings for low-income women, he is not considering the effect this can have. The outcome will be an increase in teenage pregnancy, increases in STD’s, and a lower survival rate for cancer victims.   These are problems we have fought so hard against, so we must join together to protect women’s health rights.

Foreign Policy in Election 2012 A Reflection After the RNC

Foreign Policy in Election 2012 A Reflection After the RNC Republican presidential candidate, Mitty Romney. Photograph by Cletch at Flickr Many politicians at this year’s Republican National Convention criticized President Obama’s foreign policy, calling for a stronger American position.   Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice stated, “Dictators in Iran and Syria butcher their people and threaten regional security.   Russia and China prevent a response, and everyone asks, where does America stand?” The foreign policy debate is becoming more relevant as we enter the last two months before Election Day.   Over the past four years, the world has seen massive turmoil.   European countries are in the midst of economic meltdowns; the Iranian government is further developing a nuclear program; and the Middle East was shaken by the revolutions of the Arab Spring. Compared to the Bush Administration, the Obama Administration has received favorable foreign policy marks both at home and in countries like England, France, and Japan (although his rating has slipped since he took office, and Muslim countries remain critical about his foreign policy).   His reluctance to dive into foreign entanglements and his willingness to participate in the United Nations has been better received by the international community. However, the Obama Administration has also faced criticism, and it hasn’t just come from the Republican Party. Obama has been criticized for the increased use of unmanned drones in countries like Yemen and Pakistan.   The legality of targeted drone strikes in other countries has been a source of debate, and many analysts believe that the unmanned drone strikes are a violation of other countries’ sovereignty. Obama’s handling of the Arab Spring has also been heavily critiqued.   The Obama Administration’s reluctance to get involved in conflicts abroad has led to a fairly irrelevant position in the Middle East.   As the 18-month long bloodshed continues in Syria, rebel groups have turned to countries like Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Qatar for assistance.   Despite the magnitude of the revolutions sweeping the region, the United States has played a minor role and has been cautious to provide support. Yet, aside from calling for a stronger American position, the Republicans seem unable to provide a uniform foreign policy front.   Few politicians were able to provide a specific foreign policy platform, and many didn’t even touch the subject.     As our national election approaches, the lack of detail is a little daunting.   Mitt Romney will have to provide a clearer picture of his foreign policy that isn’t just a discussion about America’s military prowess. Over the next two months, I hope the American people will pay close attention to the proposed foreign policy ideas of the two candidates.   I want to see the candidates address questions about Iran, the Arab Spring (and U.S. relations with the new governments), Chinese-U.S. relations, and the European debt crisis. In our heavily globalized world, how we choose to participate abroad is important for economy building and domestic security; and, I believe a strong foreign policy is just as important as a strong domestic policy.   After listening to the speeches made at the Republican National Convention, I want both candidates to detail their foreign policy ideas for the American people. I want both candidates to answer the question, “Where does America stand?” What do you think?

A Study in Caffeine How Not to Prep for Finals Week

A Study in Caffeine How Not to Prep for Finals Week Photo from Flickr.com. Uploaded by Jemimus Caffeine itself occurs naturally in varous plants and beans and is found not only in drinks, but in various food products such as chocolate, yes ladies, I did say chocolate. For people who suffer from migraines, caffeine can boost the affects of pain killers by increasing blood flow in the brain, and studies have proven that consistent caffeine intake could potentially reduce the risk of diabetes, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s. These positive results are generally only proven to be a result of nearly four times the daily recommended amount of caffeine intake, and there are still many negative effects. High doses of caffeine can cause anxiety, dizziness, headaches, and the jitters. Caffeine also has a very long half-life of six hours, meaning it takes a very long time to leave your system completely. Due to this, people often try to sleep with a large amount of caffeine still circulating their blood which causes their brain to not relax as it should and prevents true REM sleep. The next morning the sleep-deprived individual will feel fatigued and go for another caffeinated drink. One common occurrence with caffeine is the withdrawal effects when one tries to cut back their intake. Withdrawals can last a few days and include headaches, fatigue, irritability and even slight depression. Also, people who frequently consume caffeine gather an increased tolerance for the drug and will need more and more to produce the same effect. Scientifically speaking, caffeine causes the brain to believe it is under attack which stimulates energy and focus. Caffeine attaches to receptors in the brain that usually induce sleep, and it basically freaks them out because its not the substance they usually receive, namely adenosine. This freak out causes the brain to believe there’s something attacking and it produces adrenaline. This raises blood pressure, stimulates the heart, produces rapid shallow breathing, and deprives the brain of oxygen needed to keep the person calm and rational. This is why tired people who have consumed too much caffeine tend to be irritable and over-emotional The FDA recommends about 200mg-300mg per day which is about three 8oz cups of coffee. Unfortunately the sizes of coffee drinks at coffee shops, such as Starbucks, tend to be much larger and contain a greater dosage of caffeine. This leads to unintentional caffeine “overdoses”. Photo from Flickr.com by ~Twon~ Even worse than coffee are the incredibly abundant 5-Hour Energy shots. These suspicious tiny bottles of supposed increased  energy for five hours have potentially dangerous effects. Each bottle contains 2000% of the daily recommended intake of B6 vitamins, and therefore only two bottles are recommended per day. Many people ignore that warning, however, and take multiple which has lead to serious side effects. One toxicologist, Chris Rosenbaum, has said that people have suffered from seizures, restlessness, and uncontrollable vomiting. Be careful of drinking coffee past 4PM so as to ensure a good night’s sleep. Often, sluggishness can result from dehydration or long periods of inactivity so drinking more water and taking a long walk can help as much, or more than, drinking some coffee. Be very wary of 5-Hour Energy drinks, and other energy drinks for that matter â€" they can get around FDA restrictions by calling themselves a “dietary supplement”. Coffee also does not sober you up â€" caffeine combined with alcohol actually causes more accidents among college kids. Basically, when cramming for finals, you just need to be aware of these studies. I am not advocating the eradication of coffe, by any means â€" in fact, I’m drinking my second cup of coffee while writing this. Rather, I’m calling for moderation â€" just be careful to take care of yourself, because you’ll always be more productive if you’re feeling healthier.

Tutoring Jobs in Matawan and Sandspring, NJ

Tutoring Jobs in Matawan and Sandspring, NJTuting jobs in Matawan and Sandspring, NJ have made the lives of many students easier and more enjoyable. These career opportunities are offering various options to enhance the educational experience of students so that they can become successful college and career ready.There are several tutoring jobs in Matawan and Sandspring, NJ but not all of them are suitable for students. Here are some of the more promising tutoring jobs available in these two locations. Take your pick:Tuting jobs in these cities include tutor, language instructor, and professor positions. The student has to select one or the other to fit their personality and needs.If you are interested in teaching a single subject instruction in a foreign language, you may consider the English as a Second Language (ESL) certification course. You must complete a six-month course at an accredited school and pass a written exam. All the colleges in Matawan and Sandspring, NJ offer these programs.The studies in this program will teach you all the basics of a language, including pronunciation, grammar, reading, writing, and communication. It is very helpful to know a foreign language if you plan to go abroad for your future career. In fact, it is also required by some employers.A second option is to earn your certificate in a language as a Second Language (L2). This will help you in your career as a language teacher, since you will be able to handle foreign students, who need English as a Second Language.Tuteers who wish to study English as a Second Language are also eligible for Tuteering Jobs in Matawan and Sandspring, NJ. Youhave to take a class in English as a Second Language and pass a test to be eligible for applying for these jobs. This is one of the best places for learning to speak English with a native speaker, since the country offers a great living for those who wish to stay here and make a career.

Different Jobs As An Organic Beaker Tutor

Different Jobs As An Organic Beaker TutorIf you are thinking about the idea of a career as an organic beaker tutor, it is a great option. As a chemist, you will have a wide variety of jobs that can take you all over the world.These are the many different types of positions that are available to you. Many people work as an associate member in a laboratory, while others work full time as a technician. It all depends on what you would like to do. Many people who have degrees in chemistry want to continue their education by gaining more education in the field of chemistry.As you go through these different careers you will learn more about chemistry. This is because you will be exposed to the various aspects of chemistry, all while helping scientists to advance their knowledge.For example, one of the things that you can do as an organic beaker tutor is to help to design and create a new solvent that can be used to treat different types of medical problems. A therapist may want to apply th is type of compound to the areas of their body that are damaged due to stress or drugs, for example.Therapists are always looking for new ways to help people recover from the harmful effects of various drugs. Unfortunately, many therapists are not trained in chemistry. Organic beaker tutors have many different skills that help them be successful in their job.The most common of these are that they have an affinity for certain types of chemicals. The chemicals that they work with often have some sort of interaction between the two.This helps them to study chemical interactions which will allow them to make the difference in any type of chemical reaction. As you work as an organic beaker tutor, you will have a great career which allows you to work with different chemicals and procedures, as well as helping people to understand the problems that they are facing.

Tips for Introverts on Dealing With Discrimination at Work During and After a Pregnancy - Introvert Whisperer

Introvert Whisperer / Tips for Introverts on Dealing With Discrimination at Work During and After a Pregnancy - Introvert Whisperer Tips for Introverts on Dealing With Discrimination at Work During and After a Pregnancy Workplace discrimination is an unfortunate reality for some people. Each reason for discrimination is wrong, and one of those reasons is pregnancy. While some employers are helpful and accomodating during an employee’s pregnancy, others may view this time as a hindrance to an employee’s performance. There are many ways that a person may feel discriminated against as a result of their pregnancy, but it can be especially difficult for introverts to deal with given the personal nature of pregnancy. In order to deal with issues resulting from pregnancy discrimination, it’s helpful to know your rights and to make your happiness and health a priority. If you are experiencing discrimination, know that there are steps you can take to protect your rights. How You Might Experience Discrimination Related to Pregnancy There are many ways you may experience discrimination during or after pregnancy. This can hinder a person’s place in their company, their employee rights, and their overall happiness. Some examples include: Being denied an area to breastfeed: Despite the many health benefits of breastfeeding, many still discriminate against women who breastfeed their children. Employees have been fired for asking for breaks to feed or pump, denied breaks when leaking milk, or not given a private space to pump. Being punished for time off needed for appointments: Both during pregnancy and after, mothers will need time off to attend mandatory doctor’s appointments. Some employers may punish those who take more time off than the average employee to get to their appointments. Being overlooked for raises and promotions because of maternity leave: Maternity leave is an important time for mothers and their babies, but some employers see this time off as a hindrance and look over capable employees for raises and promotions due to their need for maternity leave. Being discriminated against due to weight: Weight can be a difficult aspect during and after pregnancy. Unfortunately, some employers also discriminate on the basis of BMI, which can lead to fewer opportunities for advancement. Why This Can Be Hard for Introverted Employees Workplace discrimination is hard on any kind of person, and the same is true for introverted employees. Not only does it require you to have difficult conversations, it takes a very intimate and private experience and makes it more public. For introverted employees who often prefer to keep to themselves, this can be especially difficult to maneuver. It’s helpful to have open and honest discussions with your manager, but discussing conflict can be hard, especially for introverted employees. For that reason, don’t be afraid to involve HR to help facilitate these awkward and tense discussions. Knowing Your Rights Knowing your rights is the first step in handling discrimination attached to your pregnancy. An employer can’t fire a person based on many things including their race, religion, disability, or their pregnancy, among others. They also can’t deny your employment, deny a promotion, cut your pay, or change your benefits based on your pregnancy. If your job is difficult to do because of your pregnancy, your employer needs to accomodate you. You cannot be harassed, you should have all the same rights given to an employee with a temporary disability, and you cannot be punished for filing a complaint about pregnancy discrimination. You should also be given breaks to pump or breastfeed as well as a reasonable location to do it. Each state will also have its own laws about pregnancy discrimination, so make sure you do your research in your state. You’ll also have additional laws under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) that may apply, which is enforced by the Department of Labor. What to Do if You Encounter Discrimination All of these rights are outlined in the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, and if your employer violates any of them, you can file a claim with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) â€" or the Departmenet of Labor if it’s an FMLA issue. Remember to file within 180 days from the day the discrimination happened. It’s also important to keep a log of any discriminatory behavior, and to review your employee handbook to understand your employer’s policies. You can also speak with your HR department to attempt to rectify the situation without filing a complaint, or speaking to an EEOC counselor. If you decide to file a complaint, your employer will be notified and the EEOC can either: Settle, or refer you and your employer to a mediator. File a lawsuit if mediation doesn’t get anywhere. Dismiss the case and send you a letter that notifies you that you can sue them yourself. Prioritizing Your Health and Happiness You should really be prioritizing your health and happiness during your pregnancy, and if that means not telling your employer about your pregnancy, you have that right. If you’re taking the 12 weeks of maternity leave that you’re entitled to per the FMLA, you should notify your employer at least 30 days before you take it. Otherwise, you don’t have to tell them if you can get away with it. In the meantime, focus on ways to stay healthy in your pregnancy. This includes getting good sleep, getting plenty of exercise, drinking water, and allowing yourself to relax. Though it can be hard to focus on reducing stress when your employer is making your pregnancy difficult, remember your wellness is the priority. It can be difficult to maneuver through workplace discrimination because of the sensitive and accusatory nature of it, but it’s important to trust your feelings on how you’re being treated. You have rights, and you’re allowed to bring up the concerns you have that are related to how you’re being treated during this time. Just because you’re pregnant, or postpartum, doesn’t mean you aren’t just as capable, hardworking, or as deserving as other employees, and you deserve to be treated that way. Image Source: Pexels By: Frankie Wallace Frankie Wallace  is a blogger from Boise, Idaho and a recent graduate from the University of Montana. Wallace contributes to a variety of different blogs online and focuses on writing about career advice. Go to top Power-Influence-Office Politics: it comes down to your Strategic Relationships and understanding of how you build each one of these elements. I want to help you accelerate your career by connecting you with your Free Instant Access to my video that outlines all of this and meaningful actions you can take today!   Start watching now by clicking here! Brought to you by Dorothy Tannahill-Moran â€" dedicated to unleashing your professional potential. Introvert Whisperer

Learn How To Write In Portuguese

Learn How To Write In Portuguese Learn Portuguese By Mastering The Basics ChaptersLearn To Write In PortugueseLearn Portuguese In A Way That Works For YouLearning a new foreign language is an exciting event. Although it may take a lot of time, effort, and dedication improving  your proficiency level in a new language, there’s a lot of satisfaction to be gained from the fact that learning a new foreign language can bring a variety of benefits, including:Having something different and distinctive to put on your CV;Having the ability to communicate with millions of people across the world; andHaving the chance to make a new group of friends who share the same interests as you.Once you’ve decided that learning a new language is something you’d like to pursue, the next step is to actually decide which language is right for you! There are hundreds of languages out there to choose from, and often language learners tend to default towards more commonly-spoken or widely taught languages in the UK, whether that’s Spanish, French, German, or another language. One language that often goes overlooked in the UK is Portuguese. While it may not be a particularly popular language to learn at school compared to others, the fact is that learning Portuguese can be a fantastic idea, especially when you consider that over 200 million people speak the language across the world.Although Portuguese is often associated with being spoken in Portugal, the fact is that Portuguese is also spoken in many other countries, most notably Brazil. As a result, if you’re interested in Brazilian culture, or would like to travel to Brazil or Portugal at some point in the future, then learning Portuguese can be a great idea.There are different ways that you can improve how you write in Portuguese. (Image Source: CC0 1.0, 6689062, Pixabay)Listening skills;Speaking skills; andWriting skills.Being able to successfully develop each of these four skills is essential if you want to improve your ability in any language â€" regardless of whether you’re a complete beginne r or fluent. This general rule is no different when it comes to learning Portuguese.It’s worth bearing in mind that each of the four skills listed above tends to develop at different paces for most learners. For instance, many learners may find that their reading skills develop much faster than their speaking skills, as often speaking in a foreign language takes the longest time to develop.One of the key skills when learning any language though is learning how to write in that language. Today, with our increasing reliance on the internet and auto-correct tools, it can be all too easy to brush aside learning how to write a language properly.However, learning how to write correctly in Portuguese should not only help improve your own writing skills, but it also means that you won’t struggle should you find yourself without the aid of a spell checker on your computer.With that in mind, here are some tips below when it comes to learning how to write in Portuguese.Master The Portugues e AlphabetIf you want to learn how to write in Portuguese, then your very first step is learning the Portuguese alphabet. Naturally, the alphabet is the building block of any language, and you can’t be expected to write in another language until you’re familiar with the letters that feature in that language!You can find the Portuguese alphabet online relatively easily if you haven’t yet learnt it. If you are already familiar with the alphabet, then the key is to keep practising and testing yourself until you know the alphabet off by heart and can recite it in its entirety. You may also find it helpful to keep a sticky note of the alphabet up around your house, so you can quickly remind or test yourself on the alphabet when you’re at home.Know What Kind Of Portuguese You’re LearningThere are two main varieties of Portuguese â€" the Portuguese spoken in Portugal and the Portuguese spoken in Brazil.Although both languages are Portuguese, they do have their similarities and di fferences (just think of the differences between American, Australian, and British English for reference). Crucially, when it comes to writing Portuguese, it’s worth noting that Brazilian Portuguese and Portuguese do not share a common, standardised written language.As such, it’s worth deciding from the outset whether you’d like to write in Brazilian Portuguese (if you’d like to ultimately learn Brazilian Portuguese) or how to write in Portuguese, depending on your own preferences and circumstances.Having a Portuguese dictionary can improve how you write in Portuguese by expanding your vocabulary. (Image Source: CC0 1.0, PDPics, Pixabay)Expand Your VocabularyBefore you start writing in Portuguese, you’ll also have to know a few Portuguese words and know how they’re spelt (and, ideally, pronounced).If you’re a beginner, try to learn a selection of the following:Common verbs, both regular and irregular;Common words and phrases;Greetings and popular expressions;Pronouns a nd nouns; andNumbers.When learning new words, try to memorise how they’re spelt, so you won’t have to reach for a dictionary every time you’d like to write the word down. Equally, in the case of nouns, try to learn the gender of the noun as well and whether it is male or female.Put What You’ve Learnt Into PracticeWhen all’s said and done, you can learn as much as you like about the theory of a topic, but one of the best ways to consolidate what you’ve learnt is to put those skills into practice.When it comes to writing in Portuguese, this means finding the time to write in the language. There are a number of ways you can practice writing in Portuguese, such as:Searching for Portuguese writing exercises online;Copying passages in Portuguese from one of your favourite Portuguese books or novels and translating it into English;Potentially hiring a Portuguese tutor to help give you some pointers when it comes to improving your Portuguese writing skills through sites such as Superprof; orIf you’re fairly proficient in Portuguese, you could write your own creative writing pieces â€" perhaps in the form of a short story.The key is practice. When you first start writing in Portuguese you might find that you write in Portuguese much slower than how you write in other languages, such as English. However, with regular practice you should find that your speed, as well as accuracy, pick up, so don’t feel disheartened at the start if you are struggling.You can learn Portuguese in a number of ways, such as through watching Portuguese films or TV shows. (Image Source: CC0 1.0, 3dman_eu, Pixabay)Learn Portuguese In A Way That Works For YouOne of the most important things you can learn when developing your skills in a new language is the fact that learning a foreign language involves learning a mixture of different skills, including learning how to read, write, listen, and speak in that language.While you can do specific exercises to develop each of those skills in isolation, it’s worth remembering that true mastery of a language only comes when all four skills are developed to their highest level.Therefore, while it’s great to work on developing your writing skills in Portuguese, particularly if you know that you’ve previously struggled in this area, it’s also worthwhile setting some time aside to develop your Portuguese reading, listening and speaking skills too.For example, fun ways you can develop your Portuguese language skills include approaches such as:Watching to Portuguese films or TV shows and listening to what the actors are saying;Speaking with a Portuguese native speaker â€" perhaps someone from Brazil, Portugal, or elsewhere; andReading Portuguese novels.Reading works in Portuguese can be especially helpful, as not only will reading extensively in Portuguese help you to develop your range of Portuguese vocabulary, but it could also improve your Portuguese writing skills.This is because, by reading news articles, books , or other written mediums in Portuguese, you should gain a better understanding of how Portuguese sentences are structured, which could improve your own understanding of Portuguese grammar and syntax, and make your writing appear closer to that of a native speaker’s.If you’d like to have specific reading exercises in place to help you develop your Portuguese reading skills, or you’d like some help to improve any other area of Portuguese â€" whether that’s grammar, vocabulary, verbs and tenses, or conversational phrases â€" then you may want to consider reaching out to a Superprof tutor for help.A Portuguese Superprof tutor can help provide you with tailored exercises that can help improve your Portuguese proficiency, regardless of whether you’re a complete beginner, an intermediate learner, or have near-fluency in the language. What’s more, you can choose your tutor based on the type of Portuguese that they have experience with.So if you’d like to learn Brazilian Port uguese in particular, you can choose a tutor that has experience teaching this form of Portuguese.By entering your postcode and selecting the subject you’d like to find a tutor for, you can be matched with local tutors in your area that would be happy to assist you on your learning journey. Equally, if you’d prefer to have lessons conducted online, there are a number of Superprof tutors that offer online-only classes, as well as tutors that are happy to offer group or one to one tuition.

CO2 Molecular Geometry

CO2 Molecular Geometry CO2 Molecular Geometry Molecular Geometry: The three dimensional structural arrangement of different atoms in a molecule is called as Molecular Geometry. There are different types of molecular structure formations depending on the number of covalent bonds. The VSEPR theory which also means valence shell electron pair repulsion theory is used to decide the geometrical structure of the given molecule. How is VSEPR theory used in Molecular Geometry? According to the VSEPR theory the number of valence electrons on the central atom decide the molecular structure of the compound. The central atom can either form bond pairs or lone pairs with its valence electrons. The bond pairs are formed when the central atom shares the electrons with another atom. The lone pair are the electrons which belong to the central atom in a molecule and are not shared with any other atom. Lone pairs are also called as non-bonding pair of electrons. Here is how the number of bond pairs and lone pairs can be calculated for a given atom. Number of bonding electrons = (Total possible valence shell electrons) - (Valence shell electrons of the atom) Number of non-bonding electrons = (Total possible valence shell electrons) 2 x (number of bonding electrons) Using the formulas for finding the bonding and non-bonding electrons for some atoms: Atom Total number of valence electrons possible. Number of valence electrons Number of bonding electrons Number of non-bonding electrons Carbon C 8 4 8 - 4 = 4 8 -2 (4) = 0 Nitrogen N 8 5 8 - 5 = 3 8 2 (3) = 2 Oxygen O 8 6 8 - 6 = 2 8 2 (2) = 4 Fluorine F 8 7 8 - 7 = 1 8 2 (1) = 6 Neon Ne 8 8 8 - 8 = 0 8 - 2 (0) = 8 According to the table mentioned above here is how the atoms will look like: Depending on the number of bonding pairs and the lone pairs the molecular geometry of atoms can be predicted. Here is the table mentioned by the VSEPR theory: Bonding Electron pairs Lone pairs Shape of the Molecule Angle 2 0 Linear 1800 3 0 Trigonal Planar 1200 2 1 Bent 1200 4 0 Tetrahedral 109.50 3 1 Trigonal Pyramidal 109.50 2 2 Bent 109.50 5 0 Trigonal Bipyramid 900, 1200, 1800. 4 1 Seesaw 900, 1200, 1800 3 2 T-Shaped 900, 1800 2 3 Linear 1800 6 0 Octahedral 900, 1800 5 1 Square Pyramidal 900, 1800 4 2 Square Planar 900, 1800 CO2 Molecular Geometry: For the Carbon di-oxide molecule, Carbon is the central atom and it forms covalent bonds with the two oxygen atoms. The first step is to write the electronic configuration for the carbon atom and check for the number of valence electrons it has. The Carbon atom has an atomic number of 6. The electronic configuration of Carbon is 1s2, 2s2, 2p2. The number of valence electrons of carbon is 4. As already shown in the table above Carbon has 4 bonding electrons and no lone pairs. The Carbon atom needs 4 more electrons to reach the stable state configuration. Hence it forms 4 covalent bonds. The Oxygen atom has the atomic number of 8. The electronic configuration of Oxygen atom is 1s2, 2s2, 2p4. The number of valence electrons for Oxygen is 6. As already shown in the table above Oxygen has 4 non-bonding electrons (2 lone pairs) and 2 bonding electrons. The Oxygen atoms needs two more electrons to reach the stable sate configuration. Hence it forms two covalent bonds. Using the VSEPR theory for Molecular Geometry, CO2 has linear shape. Central atom carbon forms double bonds with each Oxygen atom [C=O]. Due to the sharing of electrons Carbon and Oxygen now have 8 electrons in the outermost shell. As the molecular Structure for the Carbon di-oxide CO2 molecule is linear, it has an angle of 1800. Since the Oxygen atom has 2 lone pairs, it pulls the shared bond pair of electrons towards itself due to which there is an electronegativity generated in the carbon oxygen bond formation. This is the reason carbon oxygen double bond is polar covalent. However as there are two oxygen atoms on both sides they form symmetry due to which the CO2 molecule is non-polar.